APN concept paper Essay

What is advanced practice nursing? An advanced practice nurse is one who has successfully completed a post-graduate nursing program. Advanced practice nurses receive intensive classroom as well as clinical education. They are supplied with the tools to gain advanced knowledge and skills, and increased scope of practice in nursing. Advanced practice nursing describes a level of nursing practice that uses comprehensive and strong skills. Advanced experience and knowledge are utilized to assess, plan, implement, diagnose and evaluate patients’ care. Nurses who practice at this level have received post-graduate education and may choose to work with either a specialist or generalist concentration. However, advanced practice nursing is based on the elevated level of knowledge, skill and experience that is employed within the nurse-patient relationship in order to achieve the best possible outcomes. This can be achieved by utilizing critical analysis, problem solving and evidence-based decision making. Why is advanced practice important in nursing? Because of the intensive post-graduate education requirements, advanced practice nurses learn to effectively integrate theory, practice and their own experiences. They also develop the ability to independently make responsible decisions and to apply appropriate interventions. The advanced education requirements are designed in such a way that advanced practice nurses learn to formulate multiple approaches when making decisions, managing patients’ care, or collaborating with patients to achieve best outcomes. This is important as healthcare continues to evolve. Patients can feel assured of receiving appropriate and excellent care by an advanced practice nurse who collaborates with physicians. There have been studies conducted to assess the outcomes of patients cared for by advanced practice nurses and compared to those cared for exclusively by physicians. The results showed that patients of those advanced practice nurses working along with the physicians had equal or better outcomes than those who had been treated solely by physicians. Is all advanced practice the same? No, an advanced practice nursing student can choose from one of four areas of specialization: Nurse Anesthetist, Nurse Midwife, Clinical Nurse Specialist, or Nurse Practitioner. Each of these nurse specialties, particularly Nurse Practitioners, can choose to specialize in a particular field or focus on a specific patient population in which to provide care. Each specialty has a distinctive background and functions in a different capacity. However, they are all referred to as Advanced Practice Nurses. Â  

A Visit to an Amusement Park Essay

On the day of my thirteenth birthday, I was really excited since I was going to an amusement park for the first time in my life. So me and some of my friends I had invited, got into the car with my mom and dad, ready to have the time of our lives at the amusement park. On reaching the park, we bought tickets for everyone and entered the park. The only fitting description for it was â€Å"amazing†. I was really spellbound. Everywhere people were moving excitedly from one ride to another, funny music drifted to our ears along with the screams of laughter from every direction, people dressed up like clowns were entertaining the kids, and the most exciting was the rollercoaster, it looped in and out of nowhere and ran up and down and spun around in a crazy manner. My parents handed me some money and told us to enjoy the rides. We first queued up for the roller coaster, which was the greatest attraction of all. Soon we were seated on the ride and held on to the bars holding us firm ly to our seats. The next ten minutes was a blur of screams, the wind whizzing through our hair, laughter and tightly closed eyes. We descended with shaky knees and dizzy heads, but with faces full of broad grins and adrenaline pulsing through our body. We headed straight for the bumper cars and soon started bumping into each other with as much force as we could, enjoying ourselves thoroughly. Then we went for those shooting games in which you get a prize if you hit the target. Ready to show our shooting skills, we were soon loaded with video game prizes and some soft toys which didn’t make us happy since the age for playing with soft toys was long gone for us. Still, we took them since we had won them. Then came the most scary part, The Freaky House. Rumors had it that once you entered it, you never came out the same. So, being thirteen year old teenagers, and claiming not to be afraid of anything we entered the house with heads held high, but came out of it with goosepimples on our hands and our hearts thumping loudly against our chests. To top all this we were shaking from head to foot, with all those scary images in our heads which would haunt us throughout our lives. During all this we hadn’t noticed time fly and it was getting dark, so we entered an indoor restaurant where we were joined by our parents and we ordered a birthday boy special meal for me and burgers, pizzas and sodas for everyone else. We ate and drank and told my parents what we had done that day. Finally we all returned home and said our  goodbyes I lay on my bed, with the images of all the fun I had that day replaying in my mind constantly.

Risk Management Report

1. Introduction 1. Establish goals and context 2. Identify stakeholders (internal and external) 2. Risk Register 2. 1 Identify the Risks 2. 2 Analyse the Risks 2. 3 Likelihood, Consequences and Assessment Outcome of Risks 2. 4 Evaluate the Risks 3. Risk Treatments (Avoid; Reduce likelihood; Reduce consequences; transferring the risk; Retaining the risk) 1. Recommended Response and Impact 4. Implementation 4. 1 Proposed Actions 4. 2 Proposed Communication 4. 3 Responsibilities (Internal and External) 4. 4 Timing 4. 5 Resource requirements (funds, people, equipment etc) . Reporting and Monitoring 1. Introduction Risk Management is the Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) process used by organisations to identify, assess and control risks by allocating resources. To minimise the probability and impact of hazardous events. The process allows for careful consideration of stakeholder’s comfort and enjoyment levels as well as identifying costs for resources. Strategies to manage risk include transferring the risk to other parties, avoid the risk, reducing the negative impact of the risk, and accepting any or all consequences of each risk. 1. Establish goals and context Each year, Hearing Exclusive Learning Centre offers a Christmas Party for its enrolled children. Their parents and volunteers, staff, board of management members and management are invited. Parents usually bring along guests who have not been specifically invited. Santa arrives by truck, parked outside the centre near to the road. We must minimise risks for the hearing impaired children and ensure everyone safely enjoys the event. 1. 2 Identify stakeholders Internal Volunteers Staff Board of Management Members Management Santa Sponsor’s TruckSponsor’s Truck Driver Hearing Exclusive Learning Centre’s Duty of Care External Parents Children Parent’s Guests 1. Risk Register The Risk Register records details of all the risks identified at the beginning and during the event. Their grading in terms of likelihood of occurring and seriousness of impact. Initial plans for mitigating each high level risk. The costs and responsibilities of the prescribed strategies and subsequent results. 2. 1 Identify the Risks in order of Importance (low to high) a. Risk of not enough BBQ equipment and food b. Risk of inappropriate behaviour by attendees . Risk of liability claims for non-disclosure of OHS to all stakeholders d. Risk of allergies/medical conditions e. Risk of getting burnt by hot exhaust pipe or BBQ food f. Risk of stressful noise g. Risk of getting food poisoning h. Risk of harm from the use of party supplies i. Risk of harm from rubbish j. Risk of injury from fights k. Risk of not enough staff to monitor at the event l. Risk of falling from activity or off the high truck cabin m. Risk of being run over by vehicle(s) n. Risk of child going missing 2. 2 Analyse the Risks Risk Table Likelihood |Consequences | | |Negligible Injury |First Aid Injury |Minor In jury |Major Injury |Fatality | |Very Likely |H |H |E |E |E | |Likely |M |H |H |E |E | |Possible |L |M |H |E |E | |Unlikely |L |L |M |H |E | |Highly Unlikely |L |L |M |H |H | Risk Assessment Outcome |E Extreme Risk |Immediate action required; notify supervisor and the HSR. If possible, the activity should | | |be ceased immediately |H High Risk |Notify supervisor and HSR and implement immediate action to minimize injury | |M Moderate Risk |Implement immediate action to minimize injury e. g. signage. Remedial action required within| | |five working days. | |L Low Risk |Remedial action within one month (if possible), supervisor attention required | 2. 3 The Likelihood, Consequences and Assessment Outcome of Risks for all Stakeholders: |a. Risk of not enough BBQ equipment and food |Consequences: | | |Low Risk with Negligible injury and Unlikely to occur. | | | | |Outcome: | | |Parents and Staff advised to bring a plate of food or drinks | | |to share if they can. | | |Cost $0 | |b. Risk of inappropriate behaviour by attendees |Consequences: | | |Low Risk with Negligible injury and Unlikely to occur. | | | | |Outcome: | | |Hire security and supervisor to warn and relocate people. | | |Cost $500 for security | |c. Risk of liability claims for non-disclosure of OHS to all |Consequences: | |stakeholders |High Risk with Negligible injury and Very likely to occur. | | | | |Outcome: | | |obtain consent forms including for photography | | |Parents and Staff advised to always control and take care of | | |children. Keep events within the fenced playground. Purchase | | |insurance to cover all risks identified. Provide regular | | |safety announcements. | | |Cost $3500 for insurance cover | |d. Risk of allergies/medical conditions |Consequences: | | |High Risk of Minor injury is Possible. | | | | |Outcome: | | |Obtain signed parental consent forms for each child and list | | |of medical conditions for attendees. Request those with | | |speci al diets bring their own meals or forward request to | | |caterer. Provide name tags with coloured dot for those with | | |conditions. Cost $10 for name tags | |e. Risk of getting burnt by hot exhaust pipe or BBQ food |Consequences: | | |High Risk of Minor injury is Possible. | | | | |Outcome: | | |Ask driver to turn off truck and make use of natural air | | |circulation. Have a place to meet Santa inside the | | |playground. Ensure everyone uses the correct utensils. | | |Cost $60 for utensils | |f.Risk of stressful noise |Consequences: | | |High Risk of Major injury is Likely. | | | | | |Outcome: | | |Hire security and supervisor to warn and relocate everyone. | |g. Risk of getting food poisoning |Consequences: | | |High Risk of Major injury is Likely. | | | | |Outcome: | | |Have the centre’s nurse waiting to administer first aid and | | |notify paramedics to standby. Hire professional caterer to | | |provide and cook foods. Cost $1000-$2000 for cate rer and | | |paramedics | |h. Risk of harm from the use of party supplies |Consequences: | | High Risk of Major injury is Likely. | | | | | |Outcome: | | |Hire professionals to make balloons, face paint, hand out | | |party gifts, provide event planned | | |activities/banners/hosting/audio visual equipment/bands. | |Cost: $2000-$5000 for event planner and band | |i. Risk of harm from rubbish |Consequences: | | |High Risk of Major injury is Likely. | | | | | |Outcome: | | |Hire trash management team using volunteers. Cost $100 | |j.Risk of injury from fights |Consequences: | | |Extreme Risk of Major injury is Very likely. | | | | | |Outcome: | | |Use centre nurse, insurance cover and security. | |k. Risk of not enough staff to monitor incidents at the event|Consequences: | | |Extreme Risk of Major injury is Very likely. | | | | |Outcome: | | |Parents and Staff advised to always control and take care of | | |children. Keep events within the fenced playgroun d. Provide | | |regular safety announcements. | | |Cost $35 for voice Amplifier | |l. Risk of falling from activity or off the high truck cabin |Consequences: | | |Extreme Risk of Major injury is Very likely. | | | | |Outcome: | | |use centre's nurse for first aid and insurance cover by | | |filling in accident book when required. Only people with | | |appropriate footwear, clothing, sunscreen and head cover are | | |allowed entry by staff and volunteers. Place a secure ramp. | | |Cost $80 for wheelchair ramp | |m. Risk of being run over by vehicle(s) |Consequences: | | |Extreme Risk of Fatality is Very likely. | | | | |Outcome: | | |Drivers and pedestrians advised via sign posts and verbal | | |direction to go slow, avoid children and park far away from | | |fenced playground. | | |Cost $10 to apply & print signs | |n. Risk of child going missing |Consequences: | | |Extreme Risk of Fatality is Very likely. | | | | |Outcome: | | |Have timed sign in/out for ms for children being dropped off | | |and picked up as well as head counts before and after group | | |movement/activity. Cost $10 for forms | 2. 4 Evaluate the Risks The funds required to manage risks for the event is in the order of $11,305. The Board of Management will be required to approve those funds as soon as possible. Of highest risk is liability claims so safety announcements must be made regularly in all communications before and during the event. Therefore allowing for feedback and suggestions to be obtained on the protocols.Insurance cover must be purchased for the event. Other risks can be mitigated by hiring security, event professionals, nurse, having paramedics on standby, providing equipment and signs, having volunteers and parents bring food as well as keeping constant watch on the children. 2. Risk Treatments (Avoid; Reduce likelihood; Reduce consequences; transferring the risk; Retaining the risk) 2 weeks prior to BBQ, have staff meeting and allocate a superv isor to relocate the party repeatedly when necessary to quieten the stressful noises and/or situations. Allocate staff duties for obtaining supplies, contacts and communications with sponsors and parents in particular.Ensure staff is familiarised with OHS procedures for the event so they can provide safety announcements to everyone. As well as manage people before, during and after the event. Allocate staff to survey for feedback and suggestions; as well as approach the Board, parents, staff and sponsors for volunteers and funds. Check and approve the RSVP list, include any roles & responsibilities. 1 week prior,call & request that parents who RSVP for the BBQ volunteer their time and resources for the event. As well as bring a plate of food or drinks to share if they can. Make parents into paid staff if necessary via signed contracts. 4 days prior, hire security from network of staff or parents to be on alert, warn and/or request disruptors to leave the event. days prior, provide r amp to sponsor’s truck driver to use at event and ensure both driver and Santa is familiarised with OHS procedures. Ensure external staff is qualified and licenced to work with children. On day of event, ensure that staff knows the protocols for the truck driver, Santa, parents and children to keep everyone in line. Signs are posted and safety announcements made at regular intervals. Start hosting the event and allocate amplifier and communication equipment to staff. 3. 1 Recommended Response and Impact By developing a timed action plan in order to reduce, minimise, and isolate the exposure to risks. Ensuring all adults agreed to always control and take responsibility of the children ahead of the event.Ensuring the Sponsor driver and Santa is police checked and licensed to work with children. Check carefully over every thing via lists and contacts before the start of the event. By determining the importance of each risk. Analyse the frequency of exposure to the associated ris ks. By developing an evacuation and crowd control plan with staff. By communicating all procedures with staff. 4. Implementation Implementation follows all of the plans for mitigating the risks. Purchase insurance policies for the risks that have been decided to be transferred to an insurer. Avoiding all risks that can be avoided without sacrificing the organisation's goals. 4. 1 Proposed ActionsSet up meeting with the board of management to approve funding. Meeting with staff, management and volunteers for briefing of roles and responsibilities. Hire extra resources and/or professionals. Send out invitations. Obtain list of RSVP stakeholders and approve. Contact stakeholders for additional support. Purchase insurance coverage for the event. Ensure everything goes as planned via lists and contacts. Ensure banners, signs are placed and professionals are ready to cover the event. Provide staff and volunteers with survey forms and equipment. Organise parent teacher meeting for after ev ent reporting and feedback. Obtain final report from supervisor.Include recommendations into the following event planning and timing. 4. 2 Proposed Communication Email staff, parents and management via memos and newsletters. Call everyone to follow up on their roles, responsibilities and ensure attendances. Make calls to hire, appointments to approve and sign contracts with professionals; including purchasing insurance coverage for the event. Call or radio personnel at event to maintain an alerted net of safety. Email, call and or post thank you letters and invite to post event feedback. Email, call supervisor for reporting and or meeting. Email management the final planning proposal for the next event. 4. 3 Responsibilities (Internal and External)Management- ensure all funding is provided, lists and plans are in place. Including insurance, hiring, contracts, appointments, equipment and venues are appropriate. Communicate via memos, newsletters and calls to action. Staff- supervisor to take charge of everyone on day of event and all survey reporting. Volunteers- assist staff and parents with their responsibilities. Hired Professionals- provide equipment and services before and during event. Sponsor Driver- use safety equipment and performs role responsibly as instructed by staff. Santa- ensure kids and parents are all happy with his role. Parents- take responsibility of the children and offer any support required on day of event. 4. 4 Timing Before event:Send out invitations 1 months prior. Have RSVP list of names, roles and responsibilities ready for staff meeting 2 weeks prior. Hire all external staff 2 weeks prior to event on signed contracts; including volunteers. Ensure they are qualified and licenced to work with children. Ensure insurance is purchased to cover all equipments, planned events and catering are all in place and ready to go 1 week prior. Ensure everything goes according to plan via lists and contacts within the week leading into the event. D uring event: Place signs and handout flyers of the event timetable. Ensure everyone is allocated their places and equipment, roles and responsibilities.Ensure staff makes regular safety checks and announcements according to plan. Fills out attendance sign in/out forms and accident book when required. That only people with appropriate footwear, clothing, sunscreen and head cover are allowed entry. Ensure all hired professionals perform in a satisfactory manner. Ensure hosting and activities are on time and obtain feedback of satisfaction levels. After event: Hold parent teacher meeting within 1week. The supervisor was to analyse results of surveys and monitoring of effective and ineffective procedures from the event. During the meeting, supervisor reports on effective, ineffective protocols and their impact on enjoyment.All stakeholders can also provide additional inputs; which will be noted by the supervisor. Helpful suggestions can be implemented as additional notes to the report. Include the report in the Risk Register file. 4. 5 Resource requirements (funds, people, equipment, etc. ) In addition to staff, volunteers, parents and children, sponsor driver and Santa, equipments, planning and catering for the event. Internet, mobile phones and/or walkie talkies, office equipment and supplies are required to contact, communicate and disperse people & equipments for the event. The centre's resources are already equipped to provide these points of call. 5. Reporting and MonitoringAll stakeholders are invited to provide feedback and suggestions before, during and after the event to make the party an enjoyable experience for everyone involved. The supervisor is to gather, analyse and report on survey results from staff. The report can be communicated to all stakeholders in a parent teacher meeting 1 week after the event. Of importance is highlighting all effective and ineffective protocols, with emphasis on safety. The effect that stakeholders felt the safety protoc ols had on their enjoyment is also required. The final report would be included into the Risk Register. Implement the effective procedures into next year’s christmas party plan and timing sheets. With emphasis on avoiding or minimising the ineffective.

The Most Important Factors Of Transforming Gateshead Holdings Essay

The Most Important Factors Of Transforming Gateshead Holdings - Essay Example The workers were sorted into teams and assigned responsibilities accordingly. Workers were also offered rewards for putting in best efforts towards fulfilling their responsibilities. This helped in motivating the staff, a critical component in today's business context. Motives help in providing a reason for the staff to act in a more efficient manner. On the other hand lack of motivation can actually result in distorting the working environment. The five elements of 5S included Sort, Set, Shine, Standardize and Sustain. Once the workforce realizes that the management is indeed quite serious about sustaining the business the long term, they too start connecting their future with the efficient functioning of the company. During the years prior to 1999, no positive motivation was in sight for the workers. The lack of any positive motivation by the managers often results in automatic provisioning of negative motivation. But the 5S adopted by management helped in changing this attitude. From the year 1995 to 1998 the staff turnover ratio is consistently on an increase. Workers appear to have given up and considering it a sinking  ship the workers getting opportunities elsewhere thought it fit to leave at the first available opportunity. This is reflected in the incremental percentage of staff turnover. This leads to an increase in costs as once a set of trained staff leaves, a new process for recruiting is required to be taken up. The new incumbents take some time to familiarise themselves with the work and working environment. This affects the production levels and efficiency of the respective departments. In 1999, it appears in the initial months, the percentage of staff turnover had been on the rise, but after the motivation thoughts and positive signals sent in by Geoff, this trend stopped.

SAM 451 UNIT 6 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SAM 451 UNIT 6 - Assignment Example It is in this context that both these policies hold considerable significance in media interviewing for school-athletic teams. These policies also advocates the significance of conducting an informed interview with the athletic teams, after obtaining due permission from the concerned authoritative bodies. On a chronological note, the policy of obtaining formal consents from authoritative bodies can be argued as more time consuming than the second interview policy. Also, complexities arising during the obtainment of formal consents from the authoritative bodies and the coaches can be regarded as a setback of the policy measure. Accordingly, the policies of the school authority for different group of athletes may differ along with the different forms of reporting medium used in the interview process. For instance, some schools may allow a group of athletes to participate in television shows, while the other group might be only allowed to attend newspaper reporters and that too, in the presence of their coach. Hence, applicability of these policies differ from one another; although, the significance of either of these policies are unignorable (Bowl Championship Series, â€Å"Interview policies†; Helitzer). In comparison to the two interview policies selected, the policy of â€Å"Obtaining required permissions from the coaches of the teams and other authoritative bodies (if applicable)† can be considered as more preferable. It is fundamentally owing to the fact that this particular policy directs the effective completion of the interview process at every stage and also confirms integrity of the procedure, where the other interview policy of conveying the mode of interview and the medium of publication to the authoritative

With reference to the film Vertigo how is it's director Alfred Essay

With reference to the film Vertigo how is it's director Alfred Hitchcock might be classified as an auteur - Essay Example When the subject of Auteur Theory arises in film circles many people name him as one of the first people to use this technique. The question becomes, is this befitting of his style? The answer for this essay is that he definitely is an auteur. According to several sources Auteur Theory discusses the way that a director uses style, vision, recurring themes, how they control their production and "controls the artistic statement, takes credit for the film and is responsible for attracting the audience" ("Hitchcock"). Within any movie by Hitchcock the audience knows they will be entertained and that they will have to watch every moment to keep up with what is going on. He begins every movie at the end of the story and then builds it to the point of the beginning then finally gives the ending. Sometimes the endings seem predictable but they are not always the way the audience thinks they will end. Central to his movies is the idea that there is something morally wrong that needs to be set right. As an example, in "The Birds" the moral issue was about mans inhumanity to nature. As Hitchcock states, "birds had suffered a lot from humans. They are eaten and killed so one day nature will have enough and come back at humans. The message is dont mess around with nature" (American Film Institute, 2006). A common theme for Hitchcock is shown in "Vertigo" -- the guilt, human failing, obsession and then redemption. This is a common theme that goes throughout many of his movies and the audience went through these changes as they were presented during the movie. As an example, the obsession that Stewart develops with Judy (the second character played by Kim Novak) suggests to the audience that he unconsciously knows this is Madeleine but his mind cannot quite make this leap because he witnessed the death of Madeleine. His obsession leads him to an understanding of this but in making Judy relive the last moments of the other womans death it

HeLa cells still being used in science especially in Ebola virus Essay

HeLa cells still being used in science especially in Ebola virus - Essay Example Though the cells have been beneficial to the entire society, the way they were extracted, and the way they are being used has been criticized by many authors. Despite criticism, HeLA cells are still being used for every aspect in science today, and are being used to develop vaccinations that can fight the Ebola Virus, which has become a great threat to human beings. â€Å"The Immortal life of Henrietta† by Rebecca Skloot highlights how HeLa cells have been beneficial to the entire world. On October, 4, 1951, Henrietta Lacks, a 31 year old woman, and a mother died of cervical cancer. As it was the norm to take biopsy samples from patients, doctors took her cancerous tumors to enhance their study. However, this was done without her knowledge. Doctors, George Gey and Mary Kubicek, overcame laboratory failures, and succeeded in keeping human cancer cells alive and growing forever. Since then, the HeLa cells have been used to develop important vaccines and cancer medicines. In Skloot’s book she writes that the cells are also being used in processes such as cloning, gene mapping, as well as in vitro fertilization (Skloot 369). Moreover, cancer survivors who were being treated alongside Henrietta were not aware until mid-1970s that the cells from Henrietta’s cancer have been used to save their lives. After this discovery, many med ical researchers sought to know more about the cells, and why they are special. University of Minnesota scientists discovered that the cells could be infected with a virus that causes polio. With this knowledge the cells provided a quick way test of the usefulness of the Salk polio vaccine. It was discovered that if vaccinated patients produced antibodies that would prevent the disease, his or her blood plasma would prevent polio when it mixed with HeLa cells and poliovirus in laboratories. The research has been operated and funded by African-American researchers

The Moral Responsibilities of the Businesses Essay

The Moral Responsibilities of the Businesses - Essay Example Before we look at whether or not or not businesses have responsibility towards the future human race in light of the various theories of ethics that we have studied in class, it is important to note that this debate is related intimately with the debate of whether human beings have any moral obligation towards the future generation. The same arguments advanced for and against the debate of whether or not human beings have moral obligation towards the future generation of human race are the same arguments that are applied in the debate of whether or not businesses have obligation towards the future human race and the environment. Having said that, let us look at this debate in light of the various theories of ethics that we have studied in class.The main gist of the debate of whether or not businesses have moral responsibilities to the future human generations lies on whether business moral obligations extends into the future, to the human beings who do not yet exist. The philosophica l problem of this moral issue lies in the fact that, although the future human race does not yet exist, the general life of the future human race will be affected by the current actions of business organizations. The philosophical question therefore is, although the future human race does not exist and we don’t know them, don’t business organizations have moral obligation to ensure that that they conduct their businesses in a manner that endanger or ruin the lives of the future generations?

Business environment Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business environment Report - Essay Example The changing business strategies to cope with the fast transforming socio-economical paradigms of the times have become crucial factors that enable the businesses to compete against their rivals. The external factors are often the major proponents that necessitate organizational changes. The world economy is presently undergoing tremendous turmoil. In the recent past, the American economy has been under tremendous strain with its deteriorating job market and dismal performance of its various public private companies. Its offshore business has also suffered as a result of bad economic policies of the current republican government, headed by George Bush. The bankruptcy of few of its major financial institutions has resulted in the financial meltdown that has created a serious crisis situation in the American economy that has cascaded down to the rest of the world. The recessive trend in the American economy has forced the businesses to meet the challenges with creative business strategies and embrace the changing business compulsions with vigour and vitality. In a news report in the ‘Guardian’ on 3 December 2008, it was reported that UK’s top retailer, Tesco was really struggling against ‘Morrisons’ to maintain its position. While Tesco had registered its worst sales in 14 years during the Christmas, Morrisons had surged ahead towards the position of top retailer! The article was succinct in describing the cause and effects of the current recessive trend in the retail industry and the various ways through which they were trying to meet the challenges and attract customers to increase their sales. In yet another news item in the same issue, Christ Hirst had highlighted the ‘Christmas supermarket advertisements’. Hirst has revealed that the advertisements play a significant role in the boosting the sales figure and Morrisons’ ‘The campaign is about freshness and provenance,

POLICE DRONES AND CIVIL LIBERTIES Research Paper

POLICE DRONES AND CIVIL LIBERTIES - Research Paper Example The use of police drones is for ensuring that the civil liberties of the individual are not violated. However in some countries, most of the police drones are used during training practices as part of pilot program. In countries like the United States aerial drones are used in law enforcement in domestic capacity. The department of Defense in the United States has argued that war in Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iraq has been changed by the use of the drone technology. The Use of Police Drone and Its Effect on Civil Liberty In Britain the police department has developed plans for using the drones in monitoring road services. This involves monitoring speed of vehicles, traffic jam, and even vehicle theft among others. Through this police can keep track of civilians who violate the driver regulations. It is used for collecting road data for traffic police making work more efficient. They are also used in supervising public events such as presidential conference. In most of the developed co untries, the police drones are used in monitoring the behavior of individuals in a public gathering to ensure security. According to Solan, Tiersma and Conley (2005), this has been an important activity as protects individuals’ freedom of movement without fear. The police are also able to keep track of events in a public gathering even from far thus maintaining peace. Police drones are used in covert urban surveillance. This facilitates effective maintenance of security in urban areas where cases of insecurity are many. Since the drone is remote controlled it can be relocated in dangerous places without fear of losing an individuals life through attacks. It allows police officers to record the public activities with high-resolution without having to move for their security according to Gill and Phythian (2006). These activities include criminal acts and attacks by enemies. Police agency uses the drone in gathering information about dangerous pales for the officers. It has bee n applied mostly by the United States army when attacking countries like Iraq and Pakistan. The police have claimed to use the drone in surveillance of maritime activities. Here the drone is used for detecting immigrants from foreign countries, shipping activities such as smuggling of drugs. Due to their increased pervasive surveillance citizens are questioning the machine’s importance in watching over their lives. Police Drone Surveillance and Civil Liberty The police drones have been used by countries like the United States in its attacks. Such transformative technology in war has always resulted to adverse ethical implications on civil liberty. The increased use of the drones in war combined with ineffective accountability is an indicator of normalization of previous unfair policing levels and abuse of office by police officers. As suggested by Drake (2010), this is because their activities can also be monitored by their officers using the drones. For instance, Pennsylivia governor had to apologize after it was revealed that there was spying of pro-immigrant activists and antiwar and environmentalists against drilling of natural gas. Drone surveillance has been applied on American soils following the heavy profits, public demand and technology. With the urgent need for Federal Aviation Administration to open regulations, the

Representations of difference in comic books Essay

Representations of difference in comic books - Essay Example In doing so, one considers the range of potential readers and therefore thinks about gender balance to at least reach all kinds of people. Of course profitability is a serious matter to cartoonists and writers because it is not just an expression of their artistic side but it is also their job that should be well-compensated. Minority representation is a social issue that becomes a major concern in comics. It does not only make readers critical of social issues going around them such as feminism, sexism, racism and others which have been the theme of many comic strips that made great noise in the industry. Sometimes, the most daring themes often succeed because of the popularity it can cause from the criticisms it gains from the public eye. Nevertheless, there are laws that often hold back artists in seriously considering their kinds of material otherwise they will be considered pornographic just as it was ruled in 1973 by the Supreme Court that a material is â€Å"considered obscen e if they offended prevailing community standards†. Another important detail to consider in representations is diversity of genre. When genres are determined, it would be easier for writers and readers to identify what is most read. As a medium, some of the benefits of representations are becoming the voice for minorities, discuss on social issues in a catchy manner and educate and encourage children to become more critical of social issues. Comics are interesting because of the cartoonish drawings that attract the attention of readers from children to adults. Therefore it is a medium that one can use to speak to a variety of readers. The images represented and captions written on comics can reflect the environmental circumstances and oftentimes call the attention of readers of different ages who have diverse opinions as shown in â€Å"Say it Loud†. The representations became the voice of Lesbians (Bechdel), racial minorities (Coleman) and feminists (Farmer & Robbins). Although there have been various reactions from readers, there have been a lot who applauded the works of cartoonists who had the courage to speak for the ones they represented. The limitations of representations are interconnected. As mentioned earlier, writers and cartoonists are concerned about gender balance, minority representations and diversity of genre which often limit their decisions. In addition, technological advancements have a great effect on the products because of the use of television and computers which draw the attention of potential readers. There are diverse products that cater to diverse audience which results to a low percentage of possible comic readers. Therefore, the probability is the fear of many cartoonists, that when one starts small, it might stay small (McCloud). There have been tensions that arose among readers and writers about visibility and assimilation. For the artists, perhaps their objective was to create a critical mind in their readers with r epresentations that would appeal to their audiences. However, they have received various reactions. Some enjoyed comic strips while others were able to relate to them because they find that it is their very life that is being represented. Some simply acknowledged the genius of the artists but some had violent reactions. One of the readers of Aaron McGrouder’s is quoted to have said his comic strips are teaching children to become racists. The reader claims to understand the objective of the comic strips for the adult audience but

Summary of 3 Men in a Boat Essay Example for Free

Summary of 3 Men in a Boat Essay Three Men in a Boat is a deceptively simple story: three friends take a boating holiday on the River Thames. At first sight this does not seem a likely plot for a classic work of comedy, and the fact that it was written in the late Victorian period and was an instant bestseller seems even harder to believe. Nowadays a sense of humour does not immediately spring to mind as a defining characteristic of the Victorians, particular as Queen Victoria herself is famous for the remark, ‘We are not amused!’ Jerome K. Jerome later wrote, ‘I did not intend to write a funny book, at first. I did not know I was a humorist. I never have been sure about it. In the middle ages, I should probably have gone about preaching and got myself burnt or hanged.’ Although the book was a huge success with the reading public, Jerome was lucky that it was not killed off by the reviews. ‘Of course it was damned by the critics,’ Jerome observed. ‘One might have imagined – to read some of them – that the British Empire was in danger. One Church dignitary went about the country denouncing me. Punch was especially indignant, scenting an insidious attempt to introduce â€Å"new humour† into comic literature.’ The humour lies not in the plot, but in the detail. A relaxing holiday on the river, rowing and sailing upstream, seeing the sights, and camping in the boat during overnight stops – what could possibly go wrong? The answer, of course, is just about everything, and it is the antics of the three men with their differering attitudes and approaches to the various problems that make the book so funny. On the periphery, there is also the dog Montmorency, a thoroughly anarchic figure whose practical solution to their difficulties usually consists of getting out of the way until all the fuss dies down. Most of the humour comes from comic set pieces, such as the agony of putting up a tent in adverse weather conditions. In some cases, episodes that still raise a laugh (because they are based on peren nial problems like finding the correct train at a railway station) were actually topical jokes. Waterloo station was considered a confusing mess of platforms that it was almost impossible to find your way around, and the idea of bribing a train driver to take you wherever you want to go appeals as much to the modern railway user as it did to the Victorians. Indeed, the whole book was topical, because a river boating holiday had only become fashionable a decade before, and part of the book’s success was due to the fact that boating on the Thames was the latest craze at the time it was published. The book also broke new ground with its subject matter and with its protagonists. The most popular books of the day were generally adventures with dashing heroes, by authors such as H. Rider Haggard, Rudyard Kipling and Robert Louis Stevenson. A book about three ordinary men and their minor but hilarious adventures on the river was something totally new. Also new was the structure of the book, though whether by accident or design is unclear. The structure is completely unbalanced, since it takes the first quarter of the book to discuss and plan the trip and get them onto the river, while the return journey is wrapped up in just eleven pages. The trip on the river is really just a frame on which to hang the various anecdotes and digressions that contain much of the humour. At intervals, and often sitting uncomfortably within the string of anecdotes and incidents, Jerome provides straight descriptive passages in a guidebook style, noting the places they are passing and their history. Sometimes he overdoes things, with fantasies such as a long description of how King John signed the Magna Carta at Runnymede. He seems to be trying to convey the idle thoughts and flights of fancy inspired by locations of such historical importance, but this does not always work. In general, his shorter descriptions succeed far better in creating the illusion of a real trip on the river. Jerome was very well acquainted with the river, having made many trips on it with friends and even spending his honeymoon there with his new bride, immediately before writing the book. He certainly drew on previous experiences, and the three men he writes about had real counterparts – Jerome himself was the narrator ‘J.’, ‘George’ was based on a George Wingrave, and ‘Harris’ on Carl Hentschel. Only the dog, Montmorency, was entirely imaginary. Perhaps the key to the success of Three Men in a Boat lies in its combination of simplicity and set-piece humorous incidents, most of which have a timeless, universal appeal. The book has been translated into many languages and repeatedly adapted for television. It is probably as popular today as when first published, because much of the language seems so fresh and modern. The book is narrated in the first person by the author, who is refered to as J by his friends. It begins with J, and his friends harris and George, deciding to take a boat trip up the Thames from Kingston to oxford,and then back again (the book was written in 1888, when boating on the Thames was enormously popular). They are unanimous in agreeing that this is a good idea (except for Js dog, Montmorency, who doesnt care for boating). They have trouble getting packed, and in the morning Harris and J take a train to Kingston, where the boat is waiting for them. George is joining them later when he has finished his work at the bank. they row up passt Hampton Court, where Harris describes an incident when he got lost in Hampton Court maze with some friends (this is one of the funniest parts of the book). George joines the party, and they have trouble towing the boat, and later they have even more trouble trying to put the cover over the boat for the night. they all get fed up with each other, but cheer up when they have a good tea. There is a long passage about the signing of Magna Carta (there are several passages like this in the book, where the author gets serious for a bit). They have various other mishaps as they travel up the river, like the time when they are having tinned pineapple for tea, and cant find the tin-opener. They spend a lot of time trying to open it with no success. And there are stories of other trips they made up the river, like the time J was ou tin a aboat with his cousin, and they thought they were going crazy because they couldnt find Wallingford Lock (it turns out the lock had been demolished some years earlier). And ther ere is the time when they are in an inn which has a stuffed trout in a case on the wall, and several different people come in and claim to have been the one who caught it, but when George stands on a chair to look at it, he knocks it down and it breaks it turns out to be plaster of Paris! When they reach Oxford, and start to travel bac, it starts to rain, and they arent enjoying themselves somuch. So they abandon the boat and take the train back to London, where they go to a show and then have a good dinner in a restaurant. They make a toast Heres to three men well out of a boat!

Eating Behaviour and Perceptions of Body Image in School

Eating Behaviour and Perceptions of Body Image in School Eating behavior and perception of body image in school children Background Body dissatisfaction, which is defined as the discrepancy between perceived and ideal body image, can start during childhood (Smolak 2004) and can lead to eating and weight problems in adolescence (Stice 2002; McKnight 2003). Specifically, Stice 2002 reported that when an adolescent presents with body dissatisfaction the probability of engaging to dieting and eating habits that are precursors of eating disorders was increased. Besides that body dissatisfaction was linked to bulimia (Stice 2002). Moreover, McKnight 2003 suggested that school children who presented with thinner preoccupation were in greater risk of developing an eating disorder (McKnight 2003). In addition, body dissatisfaction has been associated with obesity, since obesity is an eating disorder risk factor (Fairburn, Welch et al. 1997; Mustillo, Worthman et al. 2003) and body image is a moderator of the risk of developing eating disorders (Dounchis, Hayden et al. 2001). Except from body dissatisfaction, eating proble ms in early childhood can lead to eating disorders in adolescence and early adulthood (Kotler, Cohen et al. 2001). A number of studies have focused on the relationship between eating styles that precede the development of eating disorders, and the perception of body image in various age groups like school children, adolescents and university students and have reported that individuals with high EAT and ChEAT scores were more likely to choose a thinner ideal body image and consequently had body dissatisfaction (Edlund, Halvarsson et al. 1996; Nishizawa, Kida et al. 2003; Gonà §alves, Silva et al. 2012; del Mar Bibiloni, Pich et al. 2013; Kutlu and Civi 2013). In more detail, Kutlu and Civi (2013) investigated the association between symptoms of eating disorders and body perception by using the Eating Attitude Test (EAT-40) in university students and found that individuals who perceived themselves obese reported higher scores in the EAT-40 and thus demonstrated a relation between eating disorders and body image perception. Similar results were presented in a study that investigated the association between self-physique and symptoms of anorexia nevrosa in high school individuals in Japan and showed that students with an eating disorder often chose the thinnest ideal body image when compared to the students who did not have an eating disorder (Nishizawa, Kida et al. 2003). Additionally, Edlund et al. 1996 investigated the relation between the ChEAT, DEBQ questionnaires and body image in school girls and observed that girls with high ChEAT scores were more likely to diet and engage to restrained eating and these girls had a higher discrepancy between ideal and perceived body image. Other studies have focused on eating behaviors like restrained and emotional eating and the relation with perception of body image (Kapka-Skrzypczak 2012; Wiedemann and Saules 2013; Ohara, Kato et al. 2014). Ohara et al. 2014 investigated the association between eating behavior, by using the DEBQ questionnaire, and discrepancy of body image in Japanese university students and suggested that restrained eating was negatively associated with body dissatisfaction in both males and females. In addition, university female students with emotional eating had higher levels of discrepancy of body image. This pattern was not observed in males (Ohara, Kato et al. 2014). Wiedemann and Saules (2013) suggested that the positive association between emotional eating and weight problem perception, another term for body image perception, could be explained by the fact that individuals that perceive themselves as overweight engage to emotional eating because they experience strong emotions like anger, d epression or anxiety more often than individuals who are satisfied with their body image. Kapka-Skrzypczak (2012) studied the relationship between dietary habits in adolescents and young adults and reported that students that weren’t on a diet were more satisfied with their body image as compared to students that tried to lose weight. Another important fact that arises from the existing literature is that the majority of studies are cross-sectional and examine the association between eating disorders symptoms or eating behavior and body dissatisfaction in a specific point in time. This results in a lack of longitudinal data studying the exact pathway that connects eating behavior and the discrepancy between perceived and ideal body image. Moreover, most of the studies that were found during the literature search included adolescents and university students and only two studies investigated this relationship in school children (Edlund, Halvarsson et al. 1996; Gonà §alves, Silva et al. 2012). Therefore, the objective of this study is to explore the association between eating behavior of school children (9 year old), reported by mothers, and the discrepancy of body image. For this purpose data from the Generation R study will be used. Additionally, eating behavior will be assessed by the Children’s Eating Beh aviour Questionnaire (CEBQ) and the perception of body image by the Children’s Body Image Scale (CBIS). In conclusion, future studies should focus on younger ages, between 4-9 years old, because currently it is not known whether the association that is demonstrated by the aforementioned studies for adolescents and university students is present at this age group too. Furthermore, longitudinal studies investigating whether eating behavior of preschool children is a predictor of the perception of body image are needed and besides the individual and parental factors, sociocultural factors should be taken into consideration. Generation R Generation R is a population-based prospective cohort study from fetal life to young adulthood (Jaddoe, van Duijn et al. 2012). This study aims to investigate the causes (environmental and genetic) and the pathway that contribute to a normal or abnormal growth and consequently the state of health throughout fetal life, childhood and adulthood. In Generation R there are certain areas of research interest: maternal health, growth and physical development, behavioral and cognitive development, respiratory health and allergies, diseases in childhood, and health and healthcare for children and their parents. Generation R invited all pregnant women living in Rotterdam and were expected to deliver between April 2002 and January 2006. Furthermore, follow-up studies included children born by mothers that participated in the study. Participants had to sign a written informed consent in order to be able to participate in the study. Physical examinations and questionnaires were included in the a ssessments, where the majority (86%) of the questionnaires were filled out by parents. Generation R has been approved by the Medical Ethical Committee of the Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam. More information and details of Generation R can be found elsewhere (Jaddoe, van Duijn et al. 2012). Children’s Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ) The CEBQ was developed in order to assess the eating behavior of children and study which eating styles lead to obesity and overweight (Wardle, Guthrie et al. 2001). Children’s eating behavior is reported by parents and consists of 8 eating behavior items: food responsiveness, enjoyment of food, emotional overeating, desire to drink, satiety responsiveness, emotional undereating and fussiness. In order to measure these items a 5-point Likert scale is used and ranges from 1 to 5, where 1 denoted â€Å"never† and 5 â€Å"always† (Wardle, Guthrie et al. 2001). Children’s Body Image Scale (CBIS) The CBIS is an instrument that is used to assess the perception of body size in children (Truby and Paxton 2002). CBIS consists of 7 figures which have different versions for males and females. These 7 figures range from the thinnest body shape to the fattest (3rd to 97th NCHS percentiles) (Truby and Paxton 2002). Usually, children have to choose between these 7 figures the one that represents the perceived and the one that denotes the ideal body image. Covariates Child BMI, gender, ethnicity, maternal BMI and education will be included in the regression analysis as potential confounding variables (Gonà §alves, Silva et al. 2012; Baillie and Copeland 2013; Bergmeier, Skouteris et al. 2014; Sukariyah and Sidani 2014). It has been demonstrated that female high school students had higher scores on emotional eating and binge eating than males (Sukariyah and Sidani 2014). Additionally, Baile and Copeland (2013) observed that women had higher score on the Body Shape Questionnaire. An different pattern was reported in Goncalves et al. (2012), where boys who were not satisfied with their body image had higher score in the ChEAT questionnaire, a pattern that was not seen in girls who participated in the same study. Moreover, another study in Korean adolescents found that males had higher percentage of body image distortion and thus were in greater risk of developing an eating disorder than females (Hyun, Jung et al. 2014). BMI has been associated with body image dissatisfaction, since individuals with a higher BMI are more likely to be dissatisfied with their body image and engage to restrained eating (Jones and Crawford 2005; OHaver, Melnyk et al. 2009; Gonà §alves, Silva et al. 2012). Furthermore, differences in the magnitude of body image dissatisfaction concerning ethnicity have been suggested by some studies (Gluck and Geliebter 2002; Baillie and Copeland 2013). Glunk and Geliebter (2002) reported that Caucasians and Asians had a higher discrepancy of body image than African Americans and Caucasians scored higher on the eating disorder questionnaire than Asians and African Americans. Baillie and Copeland (2013) observed that Caucasians had a greater body dissatisfaction with their body image than Chinese but no differences were found concerning the scores on the eating disorder questionnaire (EAT-26). Lastly, maternal BMI and education have been associated with food fussiness in children (Bergmeier, Skouteris et al. 2014). Besides that, Goncalves et al. (2012) found that higher maternal BMI was associated with higher scores on the ChEAT questionnaire. Research question(s) Is there an association between eating behavior and the discrepancy between perceived and ideal body image? In case an association is present, which items from the CEBQ questionnaire are related with the discrepancy between perceived and ideal body image? Hypothesis This study will not be based on a specific hypothesis. Instead an exploration of the association between eating behavior and discrepancy of body image will be conducted in 9 year old children from the Generation R study. Methods Subjects In this study data were collected from both mothers and their children. Firstly, mothers provided information on their child’s eating behavior by filling out the CEBQ questionnaire, when their children were at the age of 9. Secondly, children at the age of 9 filled out the CBIS for the assessment of the perception of body image. In total data from approximately 4000 children are available at this point. Statistical Analysis CBIS provides ordinal data but usually it is treated as interval data (Collins 1991). From the CBIS questionnaire the variable discrepancy of body image will be created. Discrepancy of body image is defined as the difference of perceived-ideal body image. Plots to check whether the variables of interest are normally distributed will be done. Descriptive statistics will be performed for eating behavior items and body image (ideal, perceived and discrepancy of perceived-ideal) (mean scores and standard deviations). For this purpose statistical tests, parametric (ANOVA, χ2) and non-parametric tests for not normally distributed data will be done. Check correlation between confounding variables, eating behavior and body perception. Multiple linear regression will be performed where eating behavior (in the form of CEBQ scores) will be the outcome variable and discrepancy of body perception will be the independent/explanatory variable. Sensitivity analysis will be performed for the participants that didn’t have any missing values, in order to check whether individuals with missing data are different from individuals without missing data. Multiple imputation techniques will be used in order to check for missing data and avoid bias. Statistics SPSS 21 Period of thesis/internship 1 April 2015 – 31 August 2015 Investigation scheme: 1-24/04: Conducting literature search and writing research proposal 27/04-01/05: First acquaintance with dataset 04-08/05: Preparation of data analysis 11/05-05/06: Statistical Analysis and writing part of the report 08-12/06: Interpretation of results for the data analysis 15/06-22/07: Writing report 23/07-09/08 Holidays 10-17/08: Correcting and improving manuscript 18-21/08: Outline and submit report 24-31/08: Preparation of presentation and presentation References Baillie, L. E. and A. L. Copeland (2013). Disordered eating and body image in Chinese and Caucasian students in the United States. Eating Behaviors 14(3): 314-319. Bergmeier, H., H. Skouteris, et al. (2014). Child temperament and maternal predictors of preschool children’s eating and body mass index. A prospective study. Appetite 74(0): 125-132. Collins, M. E. (1991). Body figure perceptions and preferences among preadolescent children. International Journal of Eating Disorders 10(2): 199-208. del Mar Bibiloni, M., J. Pich, et al. (2013). Body image and eating patterns among adolescents. BMC public health 13(1): 1104. Dounchis, J. Z., H. A. Hayden, et al. (2001). Obesity, body image, and eating disorders in ethnically diverse children and adolescents. Body image, eating disorders, and obesity in youth: Assessment, prevention, and treatment: 67-98. Edlund, B., K. Halvarsson, et al. (1996). Eating Behaviours, and Attitudes to Eating, Dieting, and Body Image in 7à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ yearà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ old Swedish Girls. European Eating Disorders Review 4(1): 40-53. Fairburn, C. G., S. L. Welch, et al. (1997). Risk factors for bulimia nervosa: A community-based case-control study. Archives of General psychiatry 54(6): 509-517. Gluck, M. E. and A. Geliebter (2002). Racial/ethnic differences in body image and eating behaviors. Eating behaviors 3(2): 143-151. Gonà §alves, S., M. Silva, et al. (2012). Disordered eating among preadolescent boys and girls: the relationship with child and maternal variables. Nutrients 4(4): 273-285. Hyun, M.-Y., Y.-E. Jung, et al. (2014). Factors associated with body image distortion in Korean adolescents. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment 10: 797. Jaddoe, V. W. V., C. M. van Duijn, et al. (2012). The Generation R Study: design and cohort update 2012. European journal of epidemiology 27(9): 739-756. Jones, D. C. and J. K. Crawford (2005). Adolescent boys and body image: Weight and muscularity concerns as dual pathways to body dissatisfaction. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 34(6): 629-636. Kapka-Skrzypczak, L. (2012). Dietary habits and body image perception among Polish adolescents and young adults-a population based study. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine 19(2). Kotler, L. A., P. Cohen, et al. (2001). Longitudinal relationships between childhood, adolescent, and adult eating disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry 40(12): 1434-1440. Kutlu, R. and S. Civi (2013). Evaluation of eating habits, body perception and depression status of university students. Gulhane Medical Journal 55(3): 196-202. McKnight, I. (2003). Risk factors for the onset of eating disorders in adolescent girls: results of the McKnight longitudinal risk factor study. American Journal of Psychiatry 160(2): 248-254. Mustillo, S., C. Worthman, et al. (2003). Obesity and psychiatric disorder: developmental trajectories. Pediatrics 111(4): 851-859. Nishizawa, Y., K. Kida, et al. (2003). Perception of selfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ physique and eating behavior of high school students in Japan. Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences 57(2): 189-196. OHaver, J., B. M. Melnyk, et al. (2009). The Relationship of Perceived and Actual Weight in Minority Adolescents. Journal of Pediatric Nursing 24(6): 474-480. Ohara, K., Y. Kato, et al. (2014). Eating behavior and perception of body shape in Japanese university students. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity 19(4): 461-468. Smolak, L. (2004). Body image in children and adolescents: where do we go from here? Body image 1(1): 15-28. Stice, E. (2002). Risk and maintenance factors for eating pathology: a meta-analytic review. Psychological bulletin 128(5): 825. Sukariyah, M. B. and R. A. Sidani (2014). Prevalence of and Gender Differences in Weight, Body, and Eating Related Perceptions among Lebanese High School Students: Implications for School Counseling. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 159: 184-191. Truby, H. and S. J. Paxton (2002). Development of the childrens body image scale. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 41(2): 185-203. Wardle, J., C. A. Guthrie, et al. (2001). Development of the childrens eating behaviour questionnaire. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 42(07): 963-970. Wiedemann, A. A. and K. K. Saules (2013). The relationship between emotional eating and weight problem perception is not a function of body mass index or depression. Eating behaviors 14(4): 525-528. 1

Needs Assessment for Cervical Cancer Screening

Needs Assessment for Cervical Cancer Screening References Bailie,R.S., McDonald,E.L., Stevens,M., Guthridge,S., Brewster,D.R. (2010). Evaluation of an Australian indigenous housing programme: community level impact on crowding, infrastructure function and hygiene. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. doi:10.1136/jech.2009.091637 Bunchs theory Google Search. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.google.com.au/search?q=Bunch%27s+theoryhl=engws_rd=ssl#hl=enq=theorist+Bunchs+theory+community+self+control+modelnirf=theories+Bunchs+theory+community+self+control+model Department of Health. (2014). Cervical cancer screening (may 20). Retrieved from http://www.health.vic.gov.au Marmot,M.G., Wilkinson,R.G. (2006). Social determinants of health (2nded.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Mikhailovich K, Morrison P, Arabena K. (2007). Evaluating Australian Indigenous community health promotion initiatives: :. a selective review. Rural and Remote Health, 746(7). Retrieved from http://www.rrh.org.au Pap tests, Pap smears, HPV, cervical cancer PapScreen Victoria. (2014, August). Retrieved from http://www.papscreen.org.au Prochaska and DiClemente. (1983). Transtheoretical Model of Change, a theoretical model of behavior change. Stages of Change Model/Transtheoretical Model (TTM). Retrieved from currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/transtheoretical_model.html Queensland Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander. (n.d.). Women?s Cervical Screening Strategy 2006 2010 by Sandy Angus. Round,R. (2005). Planning for effective health promotion evaluation. Dept of Human Services, Deakin University. The Social Identity Approach in Social Psychology. (n.d.). Bunchs theory Google Search. Retrieved from https://www.google.com.au/search?q=Bunchs+theoryhl=engws_rd=ssl#hl=enq=theorist+Bunchs+theory+community+self+control+modelnirf=theories+Bunchs+theory+community+self+control+model 1

The Minister’s Black Veil Essay -- Literary Analysis, Nathaniel Hawtho

In his various works, Nathaniel Hawthorne addresses the religious themes dominant in colonial Puritan society. For example, the beloved Mr. Hooper of Hawthorne’s parable The Minister’s Black Veil dons a black veil, a mysterious change which the Puritans believed â€Å"could portend nothing but evil† (Hawthorne 630). As a result, the Puritans isolate their minister. Even though the parable does show the Puritans’ harsh and superstitious reaction to the vagary of the minister, the veil itself symbolizes both the minister’s isolation from society and his connection to society through original sin. This veil and other symbols in Hawthorne’s works illustrate the universal truth that â€Å"all art is paradox.† Hawthorne approaches this notion in his novel The Scarlet Letter by placing contradictions at the heart of his art. The female protagonist, Hester Prynne, bears the societal burdens of adultery as she wears the scarlet letter â€Å"A. † Because of her suffering and struggle to find her place in society, Hester Prynne eventually receives redemption. However, Hester’s crime alters the lives of two others: Minister Dimmesdale and the physician Chillingworth, who both seek salvation, and by the end of the novel, all three redeem themselves. Nonetheless, the three would not have redeemed themselves had they not sinned. Through the contradictions of the true Christian model and his characters’ personalities, Hawthorne reveals that redemption is still possible even after one falls. Nathaniel Hawthorne paradoxically depicts Hester Prynne as the Christian model even though she is considered immoral. In Christian theology, Jesus is the physical representation of God and exemplifies the characteristics needed to attain salvation, so the way one could tel... ...this literary art to offer hope to the reader that redemption can be achieved after sin, and he effectively conveys this message through the contradictions of the Christian model and the personalities of his characters. In both The Scarlet Letter and The Minister’s Black Veil, Hawthorne explores isolation from society and connection to society by original sin through vagaries in religious characters, such as Dimmesdale and the minister Mr. Hooper. Through this paradox and those in his novel, Hawthorne reveals that life and human nature are paradoxes, for a person must struggle and face disappointment before he or she can truly find success and happiness. Moreover, a person can only redeem himself by understanding the consequences of sin through experience, and through these contradictions in his art, Hawthorne inspires his readers to find clarity from confusion.

Kidney Failure and Ultramarathoning :: Personal Narrative Medical Papers

Kidney Failure and Ultramarathoning Four days after winning the Seagate 100 km Ultramarathon in Toledo, Ohio, I was hospitalized for 11 days with Acute Kidney Failure, a direct consequence of the race, possibly exacerbated by the 2400 mg of ibuprofen that I took during the race. In this article, I will describe my race and my hospitalization, discuss similar experiences of two runners after the 1994 Western States (WS) 100 Mile Endurance Run, and tell what I have learned that might be of general interest. I am 49 years old and have been running ultras regularly since 1979. My most memorable performances have included - winning the first ultra I ran, a 6:10 50 miler in my hometown of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, - winning a Sri Chinmoy 12-hour race near San Francisco in 1989, covering almost 78 miles, - second in 45-49 age group in national championship 100 km in 8:51 in New York City in 1993, and - representing the US in the 1994 Italian Del Passatore 100 km, where I finished 54th of 3500 participants in 9:39. The Seagate Ultras on November 26, 1994, included races of 60 km, 50 miles, and 100 km, each run on the same 1.1 mile loop. There were approximately 10, 10, and 6 runners, respectively, in these races, which were judged separately. My 9:29 time for 100 km was not very fast, but it won that race easily, and I also went through 60 km and 50 miles faster than anyone in those races. So I am not a novice. The weather for the race was ideal by my standards, with temperatures in the 30s, light wind, and no precipitation. I was drinking water and/or Gatorade almost every lap, so I don't think dehydration was a cause of my problem. One unusual feature of the race is that I stopped to urinate at least 25 times, whereas usually I stop about 6 times in a race of that duration. I attributed that to the cool weather keeping me from sweating. One factor which is probably significant is that three weeks before the race, during an easy run the day after an excellent 41-mile training run, I injured a calf muscle. I used electronic stimulation to promote healing, and ran very little during the three weeks preceding the race. This area bothered me frequently during the race, feeling as if it wanted to cramp.

Health Care Provider and Faith Diversity

Health Care Provider and Faith Diversity Grand Canyon University: HLT-310V March 16, 2013 Abstract Health care is a very diverse field. Two patients with the same diagnosis would have very different plans of care due to the underlying conditions and faith or religious practices involved with each patients healing process. This paper will discuss the healing aspect of three religions: Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism and compare them to the healing aspect of Christianity. Also information important to health care worker when caring for patients of these religions will be discussed.Health Care Provider and Faith Diversity Christianity if the largest religion in the world and is based on the teachings of Jesus Christ. Christianity has over two billion followers and there are thirty four thousand different denominations that followers classify themselves under. These include Jehovah Witnesses who believe in one God, Jehovah. They believe illness comes from the mind and body. Illness was pass ed on from Adam because he lost perfection. Jehovah Witnesses seek health care when they are sick but they refuse blood products since it’s prohibited by biblical passages. Winslow, n. d, pg 10-11) Protestants use prayer for communication to God and believe that â€Å"God forgives freely and will save all who accept the gift of Jesus’ death for salvation†. (Winslow, n. d pg 14) Health practices should include improvements on the mind, body and spirit. Protestants do not have specific restrictions when it comes to receiving medical treatments. (Winslow, n. d pg 14-15) Judaism teaches there is a single God and focuses more on actions than on beliefs. Jews use the Torah, a gift from God, as a guide to how one should live their life.Health care workers are seen as instruments of God and are important when caring for the sick. (Winslow, n. d, pg26) Christians believe in one God, but this God contains three elements: God the Father, God the Son and The Holy Spirit. Ch ristians believe that all healing comes from God through the work of Jesus Christ and promise of the Holy Spirit. Prayer is the component used to obtain healing, since all healing is Gods choice, it’s not guaranteed that one will be healed. The Holy Bible is the doctrine that outlines the core beliefs of Christianity. Islam Islam is the second largest religion in the world and is practiced by Muslims.Similar to Christianity, where the belief is in one All-knowing God, â€Å"Islam teaches the one can only find peace by submitting in heart, soul and deed to the Almighty God Allah. † (Winslow, n. d, pg 29). Prayer is a critical component of healing for both religions. Muslims use The Quran as book of guidance for good health and healing, and Christians follow the Holy Bible. Muslims and Christians also share the belief that God has power in everything and is responsible for healing, â€Å"belief in and submission to the will of God is the most essential part of good heal th care. (Stacey, 2008). Muslims believe that their bodies are a trust given to them by God and should be used for the attainment of salvation. Muslims view health care workers as agents of God in healing. Some things for health care worker to consider when caring for a Muslim patient are their strong religious concerns regarding modesty. Most Muslims will not accept health care from provider from the opposite sex. They pray five times a day and may desire to pray bending or kneeling on the floor. (Ehman, 2007).So accommodating them with space and privacy to do so is important and beneficial to their healing process. Muslims may understand their pain to be spiritually enriching and may hesitant to accept pain medication. (Ehman, 2007). Also since most Muslims refrain from eating and drinking from sunrise to sunset during the 30-day month of Ramadan, it’s important for the provider to be aware of this and explore with the patient if this is medically appropriate during hospita lization. Hinduism Hinduism is possibly the world’s oldest religion.Hindus have beliefs in many meanings or purposes in life. â€Å"Loving nature and the importance of living simply and in balance with God and nature is the foundation of Hindu healing. † (Hindu beliefs, n. d) unlike Christians whose foundation for healing is a belief and commitment to God. The four elements earth, air, fire and water represent the elements of mankind which is physical, spiritual, emotional and mental. There is a state of health when these elements are in balance and when even one of them is off balance then illness occurs.Christians use prayer to achieve health and healing while Muslims use meditation as a way of health, and yoga as a way to balance the elements to avoid illness. Christians believe that all healing is the work of God. Hindus believe in Karma, which states that each person reaps what they sow so therefore a person will be healed if they deserve to be healed. Hindus also have respect for healthcare workers. It’s important for provider to be aware that Hindus have religious concerns about modesty and will refuse treatment from the opposite sex. Ehman, 2007). Since they follow vegetarian diet, they will not accept medications that contain animal products. A cultural norm is to use the right hand for â€Å"clean† tasks like eating and the left hand for â€Å"dirty† tasks like using the bathroom. (Ehman, 2007). Providers should be mindful of this when moving a patient in any way. Buddhism Buddhism is the fourth largest religion but is more of a spiritual practice than a religion. A concept central to Buddhism is the Four Nobel Truths that defines the cause and existence of suffering.It is believed that one can eliminate suffering by following the Eightfold Path which consist of â€Å"1) accept the Four Noble Truths, 2) renounce the pleasures of the senses and harbor no ill will toward anyone, 3) do not lie, slander, or abuse anyon e, 4) do not destroy any living creature and take only what is given to you, 5) earn your livelihood in a way that harms no one, 6) prevent evil from arising in you and strive to acquire good qualities, 7) be observant, alert, contemplative, and free of desire and sorrow, and 8) meditate. † (Winslow, n. , pg 21) while Christians believe that surrendering to God will eliminate suffering if He sees fit. Buddhist believe that sickness is a result of laziness in their lifestyle or faith which differs from Christianity which view sickness as punishment from God. Buddhist and Christians use prayer to achieve health but in addition Buddhist also use† meditation, good hygiene, healthy eating, stretching and exercise along with deep breathing† (The Medicine Buddha, n. d) as a path to a health. When caring for a Buddhist patient, healthcare worker should be aware that they value peace and quiet and may request a quiet space in order to meditate. Ehman, 2007). They are vegeta rian and may refuse medications that contain animal products. They value mindful awareness of all experiences of life and may not want to take pain medications that would cloud their awareness. The provider would need to be specific in the discussion about side effects of medications, and also clarify to the patient and family that if a patient is suffering a great deal, a little pain medication may actually help them gain more awareness. In conclusion, this research has given me a lot of insight into how to better care for these types of patients.It also reinforces the importance of being a culturally competent health care worker. Being ill and in the hospital away from what makes one comfortable and secure is very stressful. Gaining a patients trust and confidence that they can be cared for by competent providers ensures a positive experience for the patient and the staff. It would be beneficial for staff to approach either the patient or family and find preferences or specific ne eds the patient requires to have the best experience and receive the highest quality of care possible. References Ehman, J. (2007, April 20). Religious Diversity: Practical Points for Health Care Providers.In Penn Medicine. Retrieved March 15, 2013, from http://www. uphs. upenn. edu/pastoral/resed/diversity_points. html Stacey, A. (2008). Health in Islam (part 2of 4): Quran is a Healing. In The Religion of Islam. Retrieved March 15, 2013, from http://www. islamreligion. com/articles/1891/ The Medicine Buddha and the Philosophy of Healing. (n. d. ). Retrieved March 15, 2013, from http://www. heaven-and-earth-home-remedies. com/medicine-buddha. html Winslow, G. R. (n. d. ). Health care and Religious Beliefs (pp. 4-35). N. p. : Loma Linda University Health Systems. Retrieved March 15, 2013, from lomalindahealth. org

Film Treatment

My Super SWEET 16 GRADUATION PARTY Directed By Chassity Gibson A Biography of the Film Maker: Chassity Gibson: Student, Writer, Director, Co-Producer Chassity Gibson is a Producer/Director of reality TV, commercials, music videos, and promotional films for networks and clients nationally throughout the US. Her first feature documentary, â€Å"the life of a young single mother†, an inspiration from her mother, was an award winning production. Aside from her film work, Gibson has written scripts for plays premiering at major theaters found in Las Vegas, and NYC.Born in Rochester, NY and a graduate of SUNY University at Buffalo, she currently lives in Fort Worth Dallas with her newlywed husband, Edsel. Filmmaking was never Gibson’s dream as a child or growing up. In fact, the road she was looking more towards her first year at UB was engineering. Going into her sophomore year though, she enrolled in her first film class, Basic Video (DMS 103), and apparently she had found her niche. Currently at the age of 36 Chassity Gibson has 3 award winning pieces along with a great family supporting her throughout the adventure it has been.Having two twin boys, Gibson is very devoted to her family time outside of work. This being something new to â€Å"try-out† Gibson says, â€Å"is very stressful but I’m going to make sure I make it all worth it†. Title: â€Å"Win Or Lose†. Biggest Graduation Party in NYS Log Line: Two UB graduate best friends, Candice & Jasmine, Plan for the biggest Graduation party buffalo, NY had ever seen. Synopsis: â€Å"My Super Graduation Party† is similar to the MTV reality TV show â€Å"My Super Sweet 16† minus the bratty, spoiled, teens that always seem to have their way through their pushover parents.In this series, instead, we find mature, independent, UB students preparing for life after college by setting it off with a huge celebration for all their accomplishments. Getting to know the sta rs of this show becomes quite easy through the way they move & interact throughout their episode. You see them juggling end of the semester final projects and exams, while creating time to plan & promote their party only weeks away. Watch their assertive demeanors in school as well as towards the party planners, in seek of success. Exaggerate over minor issues that may arise, somehow overcoming it.Dolling up, to insure they are the best looking females for the night. Finally, they relive the best part of it all, by recapping their big night with girlfriends over breakfast. Every episode of the series has its own individuality aspects to it, based upon the students we are dealing with, the type of party they want, and the results we receive from the guests who actually come to celebrate with the graduates. â€Å"My Super Graduation Party† closely follows the lives of the individuals of each episode for one day before the party, the day of the party, as well as one day after th e party.This provides a fascinating social matrix that draws the viewer to connect with the graduates as they face challenges and become satisfied with their final results. This specific episode of the series, â€Å"Win or Lose; the biggest graduation party in NYS†, does in fact have great success for CANDICE & JASMINE due to the work they put into it. Throughout the episode the view will see in on many aspects of the casts life away from the party planning, which normally creates a bias and foundation for that cast member that carries with them to the end of the show.For example: â€Å"Love life† – Love life is something that constantly re-appears throughout the entire show. From keeping annoying ex boyfriends out of the party, to attempting to ask the cutest boy on campus to be their date, and sometimes we witnessing a new love stir up. We follow these interactions as they add on to the shows variety of aspects of each of the cast’s lives. â€Å"Educat ion – Our casting will be graduation very soon after they party takes place. The student’s school efforts will be highlighted to show the stresses, successes, and failures that they encounter†¦and most importantly how they deal with those experiences. Friendship† – The bonding rituals and social lives will be highlighted as the over-riding context. Our cast will be a pair of close-knot best friends, who are throwing a party together. Each episode will include the two meeting for drinks or dinner to discuss latest life happenings and planning of the party. â€Å"Win Or Lose; Biggest Graduation Party in NYS† episode arc- Intro – A small montage is shown of each UB student to provide the viewer about her background, life, and current situation in the show. This is quickly done as we move on to see CANDICE & JASMINE in scenes preparing for school the day before the party.The two have separate lives, making it difficult to plan everything tog ether; therefore communication becomes an important issue when both wants need to be met. They talk amongst each other excited for the next day’s festivities, while getting dressed & putting on make-up, and agree on what still needs to be done before the day arrives. Initial Highlights of early morning talk – Some fascinating recaps from the previous nights of the week, interesting gripes about the workday and/or family, disagreements that need to be worked out, and all of these highlights are shown in about 1-2 mins of clips at the cast’s home.Candice & Jasmine live in a small apartment with their dog, Lovely. School/Work day for Candice – Her day begins around 9am the day before the party. She is running late for class because her hair is not cooperating with her today, yet has to be perfect if she is going to ask MEL GIBSON to be her date after their class together. She attempts numerous styles as it gets close to 8:50am, and none of them seem to work. Finally at 9:05am she pulls off the simplest look and heads toward the door. Leaving class, Candice struggles to find Mel, who normally sits in the same spot every day, and leave the same way every day.Disappointed she shoots a text to Jasmine for advice. They decide to meet for lunch. School/work day for Jasmine – Jasmine instead has work that Thursday morning, 8am-12pm shift. At work she constantly thinks of outcomes for the party, distracting her performance that morning. When it finally reaches 12pm, Jasmine must meet right after with the owner of the club where they plan to throw their party. Issues arrive about the amount of people the place can hold, the ability of guest to buy drinks, and how VIP and lines outside will work.Jasmine wants a huge stage where she can show off on the whole night, while Candice wants a photo booth in the same area. We see how Jasmine works around this issue while speaking with the owner. The two meet for lunch around 2pm that same day. Ca ndice reveals how upset she is about not asking Mel out after class and not knowing if she even wants to anymore. Jasmine tries to calm her down & move her energy away from that situation & gear it towards the party. The Day of the Party- This day moves pretty quickly from the moment the casts opens their eyes, to the moment they are ready to lay back in their beds.Jasmine, who ordered a dress online that week, is yet to receive her package in the mail and has no outfit for the night. A mall trip has to be squeezed in to try and fix this, yet no outfit compares to what Jasmine had in mind originally. The viewer then meets VEE, Candice & Jasmine’s close friend who has been promoting the party for them and making sure they get a great turn out. Vee makes sure everything is in line and that the party still goes on no matter what. That night is closely followed throughout the party and we see the reactions of the guests who come.The Morning after Breakfast – At this point the show will reinforce the friendship between the two students, Candice & Jasmine, and how close graduation really is. The eat breakfast and discuss all that went on that night. Candice can barely remember, she had so many drinks, and Jasmine recalls all the compliments she received all night. Clips from the previous night are shown and advice, reassurance, and support between the ladies are highlighted. Any additional outlandish or hilarious stories are played out. At the end of it all the ladies are asked to give their own separate individual comments on the overall experience.

World Reaction to European Expansion between 1700 and 1900

In the 18th century, there was an increased urge in Europe to venture abroad, to discover, explore lands that as yet remained unknown. Part of the need to go beyond the boundaries of Europe was rooted in the industrial revolution that had begun to take place at the time. Machines such as the steam engine were being built and this greatly facilitated transportation. There was also improved ocean going vessels which facilitated for the European explorers venturing further away from home.The creation of cotton mills meant that European nations had to look abroad more extensively so as to expand markets. The Industrial revolution and the response of the world In the 18th and 19th centuries, Europe was the world power to reckon with. The industrial revolution started in Great Britain and it was facilitated by several factors. One is that Britain had large deposits of coal and adequate supply of water that was needed to run the machines such as steam engines. Britain also had the plus of d eposits of iron ore that was needed to make this machinery and tools.She had an internal water system that facilitated the transportation of people and goods as well as a good ports and harbors that facilitated international trade. To cap it all up, she had a sound banking system which meant that projects could be financed and an established government that provided the foundation for a thriving business environment (Brown, 1991). There were several and diverse implications for industrialization and the European expansion, which, predates even the industrial revolution (Ringrose, 1998).The revolution was just a means to hasten European occupation of distant lands abroad. Even in the earlier centuries, Britain had made frays into Asia as she sought trade routes that would enable her to access the abundant riches of China’s silk. The Spaniards were at the same time trying to find their way into Latin America where they expediently eliminated the native Indians and replaced them with African slaves. This was Europe’s story, replicated by the French, Dutch and Portuguese in different parts of the world. For Africa, India and Australia, the European expansion meant colonization.While in earlier times European nations had had only a singular interest in Africa, that of being a ready source of slaves who were at the time considered a price commodity, industrialization brought a change because Africa was now seen as a source for raw materials needed in European factories as well as a ready market for the finished products. The Berlin conference of 1814 saw to the scramble and partition of Africa among European colonial powers with the largest shares going to the strongest, then Great Britain (Aldcroft & Rodger, 1984).Not only was Europe seen as the world’s centre for trade and commerce, but it was also perceived to be the intellectual headquarters of the civilized world. From the mid 18th century when the age of enlightenment had truly began to ta ke hold, there were physical as well as intellectual and moral revolutions going on concurrently. Philosophers and other great thinkers in all fields called for the denunciation of tenets that preciously had been taken for granted and without question, as they said that reason has to reign supreme.Institutions that had once upon a time been regarded as being beyond reproach such as the church and the nobility were all subjected to intense scrutiny that at times found them wanting. Here is where the seeds of activism first germinated. From this would later arise the spirits of capitalism, feminism, civil rights movements and calls to nationalism in which the whole world would follow suite (Brown, 1991). However there were negative ramifications from the European invasion that was so all-encompassing.The most obvious is that there was the creation of a class where the Europeans were cast in the light of being superior to the natives. The natives themselves had to be subdued and shown their rightful place. This often resulted in the native’s loss of freedom and inhumane treatments against him. The natives were often cast out of their own lands if the Europeans were interested in the natural resources that abounded there. The natives were then pushed into restricted marginalized areas where their movements could be monitored. They became prisoners within their own homelands (Ringrose, 1998).Another negative impact was the abolishment of existing political and legal systems that had been established by the natives to be replaced by the Europeans own which they felt was superior and hence much better. There was the intent destruction of cultural practices that had been in place for centuries because the Europeans had found them to be barbaric or uncivilized (Eltis, 1987). European expansion resulted in the colonization of several countries of the world that lasted for over a century or more, in some regions of the world (Aldcroft & Rodger, 1984).Of course the industrial revolution brought about better standards of living for all, but the way in which European nations tried to assert their influence by taking forceful control of the geographical regions of the world from which they felt they would most benefits with impunity, was more barbaric than the hedonistic tribal practices that they condemned so strongly. It is only because the European nations were much stronger than those they sought to conquer that they were able to get away with the actions that they carried out in the 19th century periods.However, just because they got away with it does not mean they do not deserve to be chastised for planting the seeds of economic and racial inequality whose ghosts still haunt our world to date. Conclusion There was an unprecedented rate of change that took place in the two hundred year span between the 18th and 20th centuries that had never before been seen in history. This change took on all the aspects of people’s lifestyles; from how they produced their food, how they got their work done, how they travelled and even how they perceived the world. Though this change had its roots in Europe, its impact was felt throughout the world.From the colonized states of Africa, Asia and Australia, to the great American shores, the influence of European nations was pervasive. Europe as a continent was a fore runner in shaping how the rest of the world would do its commerce, conduct their governments and affairs of state and even to some extent their religious inclinations. The shift in world powers might have placed control in different hands but the impact that Europe had in its heday, is one that is still being felt and seen, and will continue to be felt and seen for many generations yet.Cited works David Eltis, Economic growth and the ending of the transatlantic slave trade Oxford University Press US, 1987 David R. Ringrose, Spain, Europe, and the â€Å"Spanish miracle†, 1700-1900, Cambridge University Press, 19 98 Derek Howard Aldcroft & Richard Rodger, Bibliography of European economic and social history, Manchester University Press ND, 1984 Richard Brown, Society and Economy in Modern Britain 1700-1850 Routledge, New York 1991

Chaucer on marriage

Chaucer looks at male and female perspectives on marriage and shows the entire institution to be a farce, stereotyped by wealthy, flaccid old men and young, beautiful, deceitful wives. January, the old man in the merchant's tale, says â€Å"wedlock is so easy and so cline† (1264), which is sarcastic as the merchant has already spoken out against marriage, and women in particular. Yet January's motivations to get married are hardly pure, but more practical and shallow.For â€Å"sixty year a waffles man was heel and followed ay his bodily delete/ on women† (1248-50); after sixty years of fooling around with numerous women, he is ready to have a wife â€Å"on which he mighty engender hymn an heir† (1272). Rather than choosing a wife who is wise and loving and would care for him in his old age and sickness, he makes his decision as if he were choosing livestock, saying â€Å"l wool noon Old ‘. Nary Han†¦ / she shall Nat passe twenty year†¦ /and bet t han old beef is the tender feel† (1416-20).What is ironic is that January sees this way of approaching marriage as pure because it was so normal and standard. The purity of marriage would come if it were based on love and mutual respect, but instead for most men it is about having an heir and a beautiful wife. January can't see that he's leaving himself vulnerable to a young wife that will be deceitful and seek pleasure from younger more attractive men, instead thinking he can â€Å"a young thing may men gee,/ right as men may warm hex with handed Pyle† (1429-30).In the wife's tale, she shows that old men cannot actually mold their young wives into good, loving creatures. Although the wife of Bath â€Å"sits [she] twelve year was of age†¦ ‘ housebound at creche door [she has] had five† (4-6), she is no innocent. She manipulates and terrorizes her old husbands with her sexuality to gain money and control, until they are her â€Å"[detours] and†¦ [ thralls]† (155). She ends up molding her old husbands to her will.For her a husband is a source of income, and she always sakes sure she has one lined up on the sidelines. She had her fifth husband ready to marry her by the time her â€Å"fourth housebound was on beer† (587), and she â€Å"wept but small' (592), being already â€Å"purveyed of a make† (591). Even though the fifth husband that she takes is younger than her and she is now in the old man's position, she is still able to control her young husband to a certain degree, although it is much harder.It seems like an innate ability that women have to control their cabanas because its more than a survival method, but a way to find pleasure despite being in a technically submissive role. But a true marriage shouldn't be about control. This is what makes marriage such a Joke to Chaucer, and he is very cynical towards it. The tradition and sanctity of marriage means nothing because it is based on a foundation of lying and shallowness. Men and women conform to their stereotypes because of how society has shaped them and made marriage such a necessity.

Why did the US find it impossible to defeat the Vietcong?

There were a number of problems facing US forces when fighting the war in Vietnam. Perhaps one of the biggest problems that they faced was the fact that the Vietcong were fighting using guerrilla tactics: fighting on a small scale, taking independent, irregular actions.The Vietcong depended on stealth, concealment, and surprise attacks and ambushes. Guerrilla warfare spread as Vietminh soldiers who were trained and armed in the North – the Vietcong, returned to their homes in the south to assassinate, ambush and sabotage. Unlike conventional wars in which the Americans may have fought, the war in Vietnam had no defined front lines. Much of the fighting consisted of hit and run attacks, with the guerrillas striking at government outposts and then retreating into the jungles.Most of the US soldiers were also caught out by booby traps set up by the Vietcong. These ranged from simple holes in the ground to metal spikes covered in poison or human excrement. Despite their sophistica ted weapons, the Americans could not eradicate the skillful and determined rebellions of the Vietcong.Another thing that made fighting the war difficult for the Americans was the uniform that the Vietcong wore. Their uniforms consisted of black pajamas and shirts, with straw hats. This led to a great lack of trust among the Vietnamese and the Americans, as they were unable to distinguish between real Vietnamese civilians and Vietcong soldiers in disguise.The Vietcong were also able to remain well hidden with their extensive underground tunnel system, which reached 250 kilometers in length. There were underground kitchens, weapon stores, dormitories, hospitals and rest areas. These tunnels made it increasingly difficult for the US forces to find the Vietcong.By 1966, the Americans began a series of ‘Search and Destroy Missions' in order to hunt down the Vietcong. The problem was that, by doing this, they began to loose the trust of, and ‘alienated' the Vietnamese civilian s. More importantly the American public began to doubt whether or not they were the ‘good guys’ in this war and grew increasingly dissatisfied with the nations war policy. The American government began losing the support of the public once they witnessed reports about the war and events such as the My Lai massacre.The unfamiliar terrain and conditions in Vietnam also made life more difficult for the US forces. The intense heat made it difficult for them to see where they were going, carry weapons and move swiftly. As much of Vietnam was covered in jungle, swamp and paddy fields, it soon became clear that the terrain was unsuitable for tanks.